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Introduction: The unimpeded forward flow of blood across the mitral orifice depends upon a coordinatedinteraction between the mitral annulus, leaflets, chordae tendinae & papillary muscle. Knowledge about thenormal anatomy of mitral valve annular morphometry is important for assessing the valve pathologies and alsoin valve replacement surgery for a deceased valveMaterials and methods: 50 heart of embalmed adult human cadaver of both sex aged between 20-70 years weretaken from the department of anatomy, VIMS & RC. Parameters measured were annular diameter, circumference,area of mitral valve by using vernier caliper, measuring scale, cotton thread & magnifying lens.Results: In the present study mean value of mitral valve were, circumference of mitral valve was 8.19±1.01cm inmales, 7.76±0.99 cms in females, diameter was 3.10±0.40 cm in males & 3.26±0.48 cm in females, area of mitralvalve was 5.45±1.34 cm2in males & 4.89±1.20 cm2 in females. All the parameters of mitral valve annulus likecircumference, diameter & area of valve was more in males except in females the diameter was more. There wasno significant difference between male & female values of mitral valve annulus.Conclusion: Knowledge of normal measurements of the component parts of the mitral valve is essential for thesurgeon during operation to assess the exact mechanical reason for valve insufficiency & in development &manufacture of prostheses for valvuloplasty
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Introduction: The occipital condyles are small, bilateral inferior extensions of the occipital bones. They areintimately related to the foramen magnum and skull base by a number of ligamentous attachments. A variety ofdisease processes may affect the craniovertebral junction. Various lateral approaches have been used to accessthese lesions. Understanding the bony anatomy and variations of occipital condyle is important for theseapproaches. The aim of the present study is to study occipital condyle in detail.Materials and methods: 120 dry human skulls (83 males, 37 females) were studied. The length, width anddifferent shapes of occipital condyle were noted. Various other parameters were measured like anteriorintercondylar distance, posterior intercondylar distance, distance between anterior and posterior end of occipitalcondyle and opisthion.Results: The mean value of occipital condyle length (2.32cm(M) vs 2.22cm(F)) and width (1.29cm(M) vs 1.26cm(F))were present in male and female skulls. The anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distanceswere 2.06cm and 4.14cm respectively. Shape of occipital condyle was classified into different types as followingoval, kidney, s shaped, figure of eight, two portioned and deformed. The most common shape of occipital condylewas oval on both sides in males and females.Conclusions: Thorough knowledge of occipital condyle will enable the neurosurgeons to have safe surgery andreduce the morbidity to minimum
ABSTRACT
Objective: The multifactorial etiology of cleft can be due to environmental factors or genetic factors or combination of both. Many studies were conducted to detect the epidemiology of the clefts and the genetic factors causing clefts. There is no or very less studies conducted in India to identify the risk of pesticidal exposure in occurrence of nonsyndromic clefts. The present study is to investigate the risk of parental pesticidal exposure in causing clefts in the craniofacial region. Methods: The case-control study included 179 cases of cleft in the craniofacial region and 200 healthy controls matched for age and gender. The data were collected in the proforma from the study group in the departments of plastic surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Paediatrics of Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. Result: Majority (55.3%) of the parents from the cleft group were exposed to pesticides but only 4.5% parents of the control group were exposed which is statistically significant (p=0.001). Compared to other cleft group, more parents of cleft lip palate exposed to pesticides was also significant (p=0.041).The cleft cases which were exposed to pesticides (86%) were from the rural area and the controls which were not exposed (79%) were from the urban area and is statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Parental pesticidal exposure is a risk factor for clefts in the craniofacial region. Among all the clefts, the risk is increased for the cleft lip palate.